Wild Horse and Burro Bibliography

These publications have been identified and compiled by BLM librarians for researchers interested in wild horses and burros on public lands managed by BLM. Due to copyright protection and our subscription agreements, most articles from subscription journals or databases are available only to users on the BLM network. 

For assistance locating or accessing any of these publications, please contact blm_library@blm.gov.

BIBLIOGRAPHY A through F

A

American Association of Equine Practitioners. 1981. Official guide for determining the age of the  horse. American Association of Equine Practitioners, Golden, CO. BLM employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

---. 2011. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Wild Horse and Burro Program. BLM Task Force Report.

Andreasen, A.M., K.M. Stewert, W.S. Longland, and J.P. Beckmann. 2021. Prey specialization by cougars on feral horses in a desert environment. Journal of Wildlife Management: 85:1104-1120.

Asa, C.S. 2000. Male reproductive success in free-ranging feral horses. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 47(1):89-93.

Ashley, M.C. 2004. Population genetics of feral horses: Implications of behavioral isolation. Journal of Mammology 85(4):611-617. 

Ashley, M.C., & D.W. Holcombe. 2001. Effect of stress induced by gathers and removals on reproductive success of feral horses. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(1):248-254. 

B

Baker, D.L., B.E. McCann, J.G. Powers, N.L. Galloway, J.E. Bruemmer, M.A. Thompson, and T.M. Nett. 2023. Reimmunization intervals for application of GnRH immunocontraceptive vaccine (GonaConEquine) in free-roaming horses (Equus ferus caballus) using syringe darts. Theriogenology Wild 2023:100061.

Bartholow, J.M. 2004. An economic analysis of alternative fertility control and associated management techniques for three BLM wild horse herds. U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Discipline, Open File Report  2004-1199. BLM employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

---. 2007. Economic benefit of fertility control in wild horse populations. Journal of Wildlife Management 71(8):2811-2819. 

Bashore, T.L., R. Keiper, J.W. Turner, Jr., and J.F. Kirkpatrick. 1990. The accuracy of fixed-wing aerial surveys of feral horses on a coastal barrier island. Journal of Coastal Research 6:53–56. 

Bayliss, P., and K.M. Yeomans. 1989. Correcting bias in aerial survey population estimates of feral livestock in northern Australia using the double-count technique. Journal of Applied Ecology 26:925–933.

Bechert, U.S., J.W. Turner, D.L. Baker, D.C. Eckery, J.E. Bruemmer, C.C. Lyman, T.M. Prado, S.R.B. King, and M.A. Fraker. 2022. Fertility control options for management of free-roaming horse populations. Human Wildlife Interactions 16(2):179-216

Beever, E. 2003. Management implications of the ecology of free-roaming horses in semi-arid ecosystems of the western United States. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31(3):887-895.

Beever, E.A., and C.L. Aldridge. 2011. Influences of free-roaming equids on sagebrush ecosystems, with a focus on Greater Sage-Grouse. Pp. 273-290 in S.T. Knick and J.W. Connelly, eds. Greater sage-grouse: Ecology and conservation of a landscape species and its habitats. Studies in Avian Biology (vol. 38). University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Beever, E.A., and P.F. Brussard. 2000. Examining ecological consequences of feral horse grazing using exclosures. Western North American Naturalist 60(3):236-254.

---. 2004. Community-and landscape-level responses of reptiles and small mammals to feral-horse grazing in the Great Basin. Journal of Arid Environments 59:271-297. 

Beever, E.A., and J.E. Herrick. 2006. Effects of feral horses in Great Basin landscapes on soils and ants: Direct and indirect mechanisms. Journal of Arid Environments 66(1):96-112. 

Beever, E. A., Huntsinger, L., & Petersen, S. L. (2018). Conservation challenges emerging from free-roaming horse management: A vexing social-ecological mismatch. Biological Conservation, 226, 321-328.

Bhattacharyya, J., D.S. Slocombe, and S.D. Murphy. 2011. The "wild" or "feral" distraction: Effects of cultural understandings on management controversy over free-ranging horses (Equus ferus caballus). Human Ecology  39(5):613-625. BLM employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

Bleich, VC. 2022. Feral horses, feral asses, and professional politicians: broodings from a beleaguered biologist. Human Wildlife Interactions 16(2):337-342.

Bowling, A.T., and R.W. Touchberry. 1990. Parentage of Great Basin feral horses. The Journal of Wildlife Management 54(3):424-429.

Boyce, P. N., and P. D. McLoughlin. 2021. Ecological interactions involving feral horses and predators: review with implications for biodiversity conservation. Journal of Wildlife Management 85:1091–1103.

Boyd, C. S., Davies, K. W., & Collins, G. H. (2017). Impacts of feral horse use on herbaceous riparian vegetation within a sagebrush steppe ecosystem. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 70(4), 411-417.

Boyles, J.S. 1986. Managing America's wild horses and burros. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 6:261-265. BLM employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

Bozlak et al. 2023. Refining the evolutionary tree of the horse Y chromosome. Scientific Reports 13: 8954.

Burdick, J., S. Swason, S. Tsocanos, and S. McCue. 2021. Lentic meadows and riparian functions impaired after horse and cattle grazing. Journal of Wildlife Management 85(6):1121–1131.

C

Carlisle, C., and D. Adams. 2022. Enhancing stakeholder engagement to achieve the sustainable management of free-roaming equids. Human Wildlife Interactions 16(2):297-307..

Clancy, C.L., Kubasiewicz, L.M., Raw, Z. and Cooke, F., 2021. Science and knowledge of free‐roaming donkeys—a critical review. Journal of Wildlife Management, 85(6), 1200-1213.

Coates, P.S., O’Neil, S.T., Muñoz, D.A., Dwight, I.A., and Tull, J.C. 2021. Sage-grouse population dynamics are adversely impacted by overabundant free-roaming horses. Journal of Wildlife Management 85:1132-1149.

Collins, G.H., S.L. Petersen, C.A. Carr, and L. Pielstick. 2014. Testing VHF/GPS collar design and safety in the study of free-roaming horses. PLoS ONE 9):e103189.

D

Davis, K.A., et. al. 2017. The effects of vaccination against GDF-9 and BMP-15 on ovarian function in the mare. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 52: 112. BLM Employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

Davis, K.A., et. al. 2018. Effects of immunization against bone morphogenetic protein-15 and growth differentiation factor-9 on ovarian function in mares. Animal Reproduction Science 192: 69-77. BLM Employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

Denniston, R.H., ed. 1979. Symposium on the ecology and behavior of wild and feral equids. University of Wyoming, Laramie, September 6-8, 1979.

E

Eberhardt, L.L., A.K. Majorowicz, and J.A. Wilcox. 1982. Apparent rates of increase for two feral horse herds. The Journal of Wildlife Management 91(2):367-374.

Eldridge, D.J., Ding, J. and Travers, S.K., 2020. Feral horse activity reduces environmental quality in ecosystems globally. Biological Conservation, 241, 108367.

Esmaeili, S., B.R. Jesmer, S.E. Albeke, et al. 2021. Body size and digestive system shape resource selection by ungulates: A cross-taxa test of the forage maturation hypothesis. Ecology Letters 24, 2178-2191. BLM Employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

Esmaeili S., S.R.B. King, and K.A. Schoenecker. 2023. Browsers or grazers? New insights into feral burro diet using a non-invasive sampling and plant DNA metabarcoding approach. Animals 13(16), 2683.

F

Feist, J.D., and D.R. McCullough. 1975. Reproduction in feral horses. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility (Suppl.) 23:13-18. BLM employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

Folt, B., K.A. Schoenecker, and L.S. Ekernas. 2022. Multi-objective modeling as a decision-support tool for free-roaming horse management. Human Wildlife Interactions 16(2):233-250.

Folt, B., K.A. Scheonecker, L.S. Ekernas, D.R. Edmunds, and M. Hannon. 2023. PopEquus: A predictive modeling tool to support management decisions for free-roaming horse populations. Ecosphere 2023;14:e4632.

Frey, N., J.L. Beck, L. Singletary, L. Snell, D. Scasta, and J. Hadfield. 2024. Western US residents’ knowledge of wild free-roaming horses and their management on federal public lands. Rangeland Ecology and Management 92:12-23.

Frey, S.N. 2022. It’s time for the next step. Human Wildlife Interactions 16(2):175-176.

Frey, S.N., J.L. Beck, J.D. Scasta, and L. Singleterry. 2022. U.S. public opinion of reproductive control options for free-roaming horses on western public lands. Human Wildlife Interactions 16(2):217-232.

BIBLIOGRAPHY G through K

G

Garrott, R.A. 1991. Sex ratios and differential survival of feral horses. Journal of Animal Ecology 60(3):929-936. 

Garrott, R.A., and D.B. Siniff. 1992. Limitations of male-oriented contraception for controlling feral horse populations. The Journal of Wildlife Management 56(3):456-464.

Garrott, R.A., D.B. Siniff, and L.L. Eberhardt. 1991. Growth rates of feral horse populations. The Journal of Wildlife Management 55(4):641-648.

Garrott, R.A., D.B. Siniff, J.R. Tester, T.C. Eagle, and E.D. Plotka. 1992. A comparison of contraceptive technologies for feral horse management. Wildlife Society Bulletin 20(3):318-326.

Garrott, R.A., and L. Taylor. 1990. Dynamics of a feral horse population in Montana. The Journal of Wildlife Management 54(4):603-612. 

Gedir, J.V, J.W. Cain, B.C. Lubow, T. Karish, D.K. Delaney, and G.W. Roemer. 2021. Estimating abundance and simulating fertility control in a feral burro population. Journal of Wildlife Management 85:1187–1199.

Ginther, O. J. 1979. Reproductive biology of the mare. McNaughton and Gunn, Inc. Ann Arbor, MI. BLM employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

Gooch, A. M., Petersen, S. L., Collins, G. H., Smith, T. S., McMillan, B. R., & Eggett, D. L. 2017. The impact of feral horses on pronghorn behavior at water sources. Journal of Arid Environments, 138, 38-43.

Government Accountability Office. 1990. Rangeland management: Improvements needed in federal wild horse program. Report to the Secretary of the Interior. Report no. GAO/RCED-90-110.

---. 2008. Bureau of Land Management: Effective long-term options needed to manage unadoptable wild horses. Report to the Chairman, Committee on Natural Resources, House of Representatives. Report no. GAO-09-77.

Gower, J. 2000. Horse color explained: A breeder's perspective. Trafalgar Square Books. North Pomfret, VT. BLM employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

Gradil, C., Joone, C., Haire, T., Fowler, B., Zinchuk, J., Davies, C. J., & Ball, B. 2021. An intrauterine device with potential to control fertility in feral equids. Animal Reproduction Science, 231, 106795.

Graham, A., and R. Bell. 1989. Investigating observer bias in aerial surveys by simultaneous double-counts. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:1009–1016.

Grams, K., A. Rutberg, and J.W. Turner. 2022. Reduction in growth rates of wild horse populations treated with the controlled-release immunocontraceptive PZP-22 in the western United States. Wildlife Research 49(8):738-748.

Grant, L., R. Sharp, P. Griffin, J. Weikel, and L. Pielstick. High pregnancy rates in two-year old wild horses. Northwestern Naturalist 102:252-253.

Gray, M.E., D.S. Thain, E.Z. Cameron, and L.A. Miller. 2010. Multi-year fertility reduction in free-roaming feral horses with single-injection immunocontraceptive formulations. Wildlife Research, 37:475-481.

Griffin, P.C., L.S. Ekernas, K.A. Schoenecker, and B.C. Lubow. 2020. Standard operating procedures for wild horse and burro double-observer aerial surveys. U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 2, A16.

H

Hansen, K.V., and J.C. Mosley. 2000. Effects of roundups on behavior and reproduction of feral horses. Journal of Range Management 53:479-482.

Hazard, H., S.L. Boyles, and H. Hopkins. 2011. Recommendations on the Bureau of Land Management's standard operating procedures for wild horse and burro gather operations: A report to the Bureau of Land Management wild horse and burro program. The Humane Society of the United States. Gaithersburg, MD.

Hennig. J.D., J.L. Beck, C.J. Duchardt, and J.D.Scasta. 2021. Variation in sage-grouse habitat quality metrics across a gradient of feral horse use. Journal of Arid Environments 192:104550.

Hennig, J.D., J.L. Beck, C.J. Gray, and J.D. Scasta. 2021. Temporal overlap among feral horses, cattle, and native ungulates at water sources. Journal of Wildlife Management 85:1084–1090.

Hennig, J. D., Beck, J. L., & Scasta, J. D. 2024. Feral horses and pronghorn: a test of the forage maturation hypothesis in an arid shrubland. Animal Behaviour, 210, 55-61.

Hennig, J.D., C.J. Duchardt, S. Esmaeili, S.D. Fuhlendorf, J.L. Beck, T.I. Francisco, and J.D. Scasta. 2023. A crossroads in the rearview mirror: the state of United States feral equid management in 2023. BioScience 73(6), 404-407.

Hennig, J.D, J.D. Scasta, J.L. Beck, K.A. Schoenecker, and S.R.B. King. 2020b. Systematic review of equids and telemetry collars implications for deployment and reporting. Wildlife Research 47 (5): 361-371.

Hennig, J.D., J.D. Scasta, A.C. Pratt, C.P. Wanner, and J.L. Beck. 2022. Habitat selection and space use overlap between feral horses, pronghorn, and greater sage‐grouse in cold arid steppe. Journal of Wildlife Management 87(1):e22329.

Hennig, J.D. and K.A. Schoenecker. 2023. Comparing methods to estimate feral burro abundance. Wildlife Society Bulletin (2023):e1495.

Hennig, J.D., K.A. Schoenecker, J.W. Cain, G.W. Roemer, and J.L. Laake. 2022. Accounting for residual heterogeneity in double-observer sightability models to decrease bias in feral burro abundance estimates. Journal of Wildlife Management 2022;e22239.

Hinchcliffe, D.L., Lea, J.M., Palme, R. and Shultz, S., 2021. Fecal glucocorticoid metabolites as biomarkers in equids: assay choice matters. Journal of Wildlife Management, 85(6), 1175-1186.

Holcomb, K.E. 2017. Is shade for horses a comfort resource or a minimum requirement? Journal of Animal Science 95 (9): 4206-4212. BLM employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

Holcomb, K.E., C.B. Tucker, and C.L. Stull. 2013. Physiological, behavioral, and serological responses of horses to shaded or unshaded pens in a hot, sunny environment. Journal of Animal Science 91(12):5926-5936. BLM employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

---. 2013. Questions and answers about immunocontraception: A safe way to control populations humanely. Online fact sheet dated January 8, 2013.

Holyoak, G. R., C. C. Lyman, S. Wang, S. S. Germaine, C. O. Anderson, J. M. Baldrighi, N. Vemula, G. B. Rezabek, and A. J. Kane. 2021. Efficacy of a Y-design silastic elastomer intrauterine device as a horse contraceptive. Journal of Wildlife Management 85:1169–1174.

I

Iacono, P. 2023. Mountain lion (Puma concolor) and feral horse (Equus ferus) interactions: examining the influence of a non-native ungulate on predator behavior in a semi-arid environment. Utah State University masters thesis

J

Jenkins, D. 2022. New research and wild horse and burro management. Human Wildlife Interactions 16(2):324-328.

K

Kahler, G.V., and S.L. Boyles-Griffin. 2022. Field approaches to wild burro (Equus asinus) identification and remote-delivery of ZonaStat-H in an American western landscape. 9th International Conference on Wildlife Fertility Control, Colorado Springs, Colorado.

Karish, T., G.W. Roemer, D.K. Delaney, C.D. Reddell, and J.W. Cain III. 2023. Habitat selection and water dependency of feral burros in the Mojave desert, California, USA. Journal of Wildlife Management (2023): e22429.

Kaweck, M.M., J.P. Severson, and K.L. Launchbaugh. 2018. Impacts of wild horses, cattle, and wildlife on riparian areas in Idaho. Rangelands 40 (2):45-52.

Keiper, R.R. 1979. Population dynamics of feral ponies. Pages 175-183 in R.H. Denniston, ed. Symposium on the ecology and behavior of wild and feral equids. University of Wyoming, Laramie.

Keiper, R.R., and K. Houpt. 1984. Reproduction in feral horses: An eight-year study. American Journal of Veterinary Research 45:991-995. BLM employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

Killian, G., D. Thain, N.K. Diehl, J. Rhyan, and L. Miller. 2008. Four-year contraception rates of mares treated with single-injection porcine zona pellucida and GnRH vaccines and intrauterine devices. Wildlife Research 35:531-539.

Killian, G., N.K. Diehl, L. Miller, J. Rhyan, and D. Thain. 2006. Long-term efficacy of three contraceptive approaches for population control of wild horses. Pages 67-71 in R.M. Timm and J.M. O'Brien, eds. Proceedings of the 22nd Vertebrate Pest Conference. University of California, Davis.

King, S.R.B., M.J. Cole, C. Barton, and K.A. Schoenecker. 2023. Proximate factors affecting mortality and maternal abandonment of young free-roaming feral horse foals. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 66:1- 10. BLM employees may contact the BLM Library for access

King, S.R.B., K.A. Schoenecker. 2019. Comparison of methods to examine diet of feral horses from noninvasively collected fecal samples. Rangeland Ecology and Management 72(4):661-666.

King, S.R.B., and K.A. Schoenecker. 2022. Application of tail transmitters for tracking feral horses as an alternative to radio collars. Wildlife Society Bulletin 22:e1338. DOI: 10.1002/wsb.1338

King, S.R.B., K.A. Schoenecker, and M.J. Cole. 2022. Effect of adult male sterilization on the behavior and social associations of a feral polygynous ungulate: the horse. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 249: 105598.

King, S.R.B., K.A. Schoenecker, J.A. Fike, and S.J. Oyler-McCance. 2018. Long-term persistence of horse fecal DNA in the environment makes equids particularly good candidates for noninvasive sampling. Ecology and Evolution 8(8): 4053-4064.

King, S.R.B., K.A. Schoenecker, J.A. Fike, and S.J. Oyler‐McCance. 2021. Feral horse space use and genetic characteristics from fecal DNA. Journal of Wildlife Management 85:1074–1083.

King, S.R.B., K.A. Schoenecker, and D.J. Manier. 2019. Potential spread of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and other invasive species by feral horses (Equus ferus caballus) in western Colorado. Rangeland Ecology and Management 72 (4):706-710.

Kirkpatrick, J.F. 1995. Management of wild horses by fertility control: The Assateague experience. National Park Service Scientific Monograph NPS/NRASIS/NRSM-92/26. National Park Service. Denver, CO.

---. 2007. Measuring the effects of wildlife contraception: The argument for comparing apples with oranges. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 19: 548–552.

Kirkpatrick, J.F., I.K.M. Liu, and J.W. Turner, Jr. 1990. Remotely-delivered immunocontraception in feral horses. Wildlife Society Bulletin 18(3):326-330. 

---. 1996. Contraception of wild and feral equids. Pages 161-169 in T.J. Kreeger, ed. Contraception in Wildlife Management. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, DC.

Kirkpatrick, J.F., I.K.M. Liu, J.W. Turner, Jr., R. Naugle, and R. Keiper. 1992. Long-term effects of porcine zonae pellucidae contraception on ovarian function in feral horses (Equus caballus). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 94:437-444.

Kirkpatrick, J.F., R.O. Lyda, and K.M. Frank. 2011. Contraceptive vaccines for wildlife: A review. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 66:40-50.

Kirkpatrick, J.F., R. Naugle, I.K.M. Liu, J.W. Turner Jr., and M. Bernocco. 1995. Effects of seven consecutive years of PZP contraception on ovarian function in feral mares. Biology of Reproduction Monograph Series 1: Equine Reproduction VI:411-418. BLM employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

Kirkpatrick, J.F., A. Rowan, N. Lamberski, R. Wallace, K. Frank, and R.O. Lyda. 2009. The practical side of immunocontraception: zona proteins and wildlife. Journal of Reproductive Immunology 83:151-157.

Kirkpatrick, J.F., A.T. Rutberg, and L. Coates-Markle. 2012. Immunocontraceptive reproductive control utilizing porcine zona pellucida (PZP) in federal wild horse populations (Fourth Edition). The Science and Conservation Center, ZooMontana. Billings, MT.

Kirkpatrick, J.F., and A. Turner. 2002. Reversibility of action and safety during pregnancy of immunization against porcine zona pellucida in wild mares (Equus caballus). Reproduction (Suppl.) 60:197-202. BLM employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

---. 2003. Absence of effects from immunocontraception on seasonal birth patterns and foal survival among barrier island horses. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 6(4):301-308. BLM employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

---. 2007. Immunocontraception and increased longevity in equids. Zoo Biology 26:237-244.

---. 2008. Achieving population goals in a long-lived wildlife species (Equus caballus) with contraception. Wildlife Research 35:513-519.

Kirkpatrick, J.F, and J.W. Turner. 1991. Compensatory reproduction in feral horses. The Journal of Wildlife Management 55(4):649-652.

Kirkpatrick, J.F., J.W. Turner, Jr., I.K.M. Liu, and R.A. Fayrer-Hosken. 1996. Applications of pig zona pellucida immunocontraception to wildlife fertility control. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility (Suppl.) 51:183-189. BLM employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

Kirkpatrick, J.F., J.W. Turner, Jr., and A. Perkins. 1982. Reversible fertility control in feral horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 2(4):114-118. BLM employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

BIBLIOGRAPHY L through Z

L

Laake, J., M.J. Dawson, and J. Hone. 2008. Visibility bias in aerial survey: Mark–recapture, line-transect, or both? Wildlife Research 35(4):299–309. BLM employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

Linklater, W.L., and E.Z. Cameron. 2002. Escape behaviour of feral horses during a helicopter count. Wildlife Research 29(2):221–224. BLM employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

Little, D., K. Grissom, R. Oyler, C. Barnes, S. Elefritz, J. Christensen, G. Acheson, et al. 1999. Report of the Arizona Burro Census Team to the BLM Arizona State Leadership Team. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Phoenix, AZ. BLM employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

Lubow, B.C., and J.I. Ransom. 2007. Aerial population estimates of wild horses (Equus caballus) in the Adobe Town and Salt Wells Creek Herd Management Areas using an integrated simultaneous double-count and sightability bias correction technique. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 2007-1274. Fort Collins, CO. BLM employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

Lubow, B.C., and J.I. Ransom. 2009. Validating aerial photographic mark–recapture for naturally marked feral horses. Journal of Wildlife Management 73(8):1420–1429.

Lubow, B.C. and J.I. Ransom. 2016. Practical bias correction in aerial surveys of large mammals: validation of hybrid double-observer with sightability method against known abundance of feral horse (Equus caballus) populations. PLoS One. 2016; 11(5): e0154902.

Lundgren, E.J., D. Ramp, J.C. Stromberg, J. Wu, N.C. Nieto, M. Sluk, K.T. Moeller, and A.D. Wallach. 2021. Equids engineer desert water availability. Science 372:491-495.

Lundgren, E.J., D. Ramp, O.S. Middleton, E.I. Wooster, E. Kusch, M. Balisi, W.J. Ripple, C.D. Hasselerharm, J.N. Sanchez, M. Mills, and A.D. Wallach, A.D. 2022. A novel trophic cascade between cougars and feral donkeys shapes desert wetlands. Journal of Animal Ecology DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13766.

Lyman, C.C., J.M. Baldrighi, C.O. Anderson, S.S. Germaine, A.J. Kane and G. R. Holyoak. 2021. Modification of O-ring intrauterine devices (IUDs) in mares: contraception without estrus suppression. Animal Reproduction Science, 234. 

M

Madosky, J.M., D.I. Rubenstein, J.J. Howard, and S. Stuska. 2010. The effects of immunocontraception on harem fidelity in a feral horse (Equus caballus) population. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 128(1):50-56.

McGinn, M.R., S.L. Petersen, M.S. Chelak, R.T. Larsen, L. Apphin, B.R. MacMilan, D. Eggert, and T.A. Messmer. 2022. Nonnative ungulate impacts on greater sage-grouse late brood-rearing habitat in the Great Basin, USA. Human Wildlife Interactions 16(2):262-279.

McNew LB, DK Dahlgren, and JL Beck. 2023. Rangeland wildlife ecology and conservation. Springer. Cham, Switzerland.

Mesler, J.I., and A.S. Jones. 2022. Feral burros as a mountain lion prey item in west central Arizona. The Southwestern Naturalist 66(4):338-342.

Monard, A.M., P. Duncan, H. Fritz, and C. Feh. 1997. Variations in the birth sex ratio and neonatal mortality in a natural herd of horses. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 41(4):243-249. 

Morra, B.M., W.C. Richardson, T.K. Stringham, and B.W. Sullivan. 2023. Carbon stocks and total belowground carbon flux respond to weather and grazing in semiarid montane meadows. Ecosystems. 26,1428–1440. BLM employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

N

National Research Council of the National Academies, Committee to Review the Bureau of Land Management Wild Horse and Burro Management Program. 2013. Using science to improve the BLM wild horse and burro program: A way forward. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. [Free access from the National Academy of Science website: read online or create a free account to download the PDF.]

Nelson, K.J. 1978. On the question of male-limited population growth in feral horses (Equus caballus). M.S. thesis, New Mexico State University. Las Cruces, NM. BLM employees may contact the BLM Library for access.

Nunez, C.M.V., J.S. Adelman, and D.I. Rubenstein. 2010. Immunocontraception in wild horses (Equus caballus) extends reproductive cycling beyond the normal breeding season. PLoS One 5(10).

O

Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of the Interior. 2010. Bureau of Land Management Wild Horse and Burro Program. Inspection Report No. C-ISBLM-0018-2010.

P

Pollock, K.H., and W.L. Kendall. 1987. Visibility bias in aerial surveys: A review of estimation procedures. Journal of Wildlife Management 51(2):502–510.

Pollock, K.H., J. D. Nichols, C. Brownie, and J. E. Hines. 1990. Statistical inference for capture–recapture experiments. Wildlife Monographs 107.

Powell, D.M. 1999. Preliminary evaluation of porcine zona pellucida (PZP) immunocontraception for behavioral effects in feral horses (Equus caballus). Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 2(4):321–335. BLM/DOI users may access in HTML; for PDF, select the "PDF Full Text" link from the left side of the window.

R

Ransom, J.I. 2009. Understanding the influences of immunocontraception on equids through competing models of behavior. M.S. thesis, Colorado State University. Fort Collins, CO.

Ransom, J.I. 2012. Detection probability in aerial surveys of feral horses. Journal of Wildlife Management 76(2):299-307.

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